Objective: To systematically evaluate the association between the C509T, T869C, and T29C polymorphisms at transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) locus with bone mineral density and the risk of osteoporosis. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, CNKI, VIP and other databases were searched until April 2020, to find relevant studies that meet inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to evaluate the quality of the included literature and RevMan5.3 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: Totally 16 studies were eventually included, including 4 748 subjects. Meta-analysis showed that the T869C polymorphism of TGF-β1 gene was associated with the risk of osteoporosis in Asian populations. The C allele was a risk factor for OP. It was also associated with bone mineral density, and the subgroup analysis showed statistically significant differences no matter whether it was in postmenopausal women or men. In terms of vertebral bone mineral density, TT genotype > CC genotype > TC genotype was found in males, and TT genotype was greater than TC genotype in postmenopausal women. In terms of femoral neck bone mineral density, T gene carriers were found to be greater than CC genotype in males, and TT genotype was greater than C genotype in postmenopausal women. Conclusion: The T869C polymorphism of TGF-β1 gene is associated with the risk of osteoporosis and bone mineral density, especially in Asian populations, and the subgroup analysis showes statistically significant differences no matter whether it is in postmenopausal women or men, which can be used as a genetic indicator to predict osteoporosis.