Objective: To explore the effects of self-management intervention on self-care ability, self-efficacy and quality of life in patients with acute leukemia. Methods: A total of 122 patients with acute leukemia from February 2017 to March 2018 were divided into two groups according to the admission time. Sixty-one patients from February 2017 to September 2017 were regarded as the control group, received normal nursing; and 61 patients from October 2017 to March 2018 were regarded as the observation group, the self-management intervention program was adopted. The exercise of self-care agency scale, general self-efficacy scale and the MOS item short from health survey were used to evaluate the changes of the two groups before and after intervention. Results: There was no significant difference in self-care ability, self-efficacy and quality of life between the two groups before intervention (P>0.05); and the scores of self-care ability, self-efficacy and quality of life in the observation group were higher than those in the control group after intervention (P<0.05). Conclusion: Self-management intervention can effectively improve the self-care ability of patients with acute leukemia, and improve their self-efficacy and quality of life, which is worthy of further promotion in clinical practice.