LINGO-1 selectively expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) on oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells and neurons. Its expression increased in diverse diseases and animal models with myelin injury. LINGO-1 regulates negatively differentiation and myelination of oligodendrocyte, neuronal survive and axonal regeneration with ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) activating and protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation signaling pathways inhibiting. Inhibiting LINGO-1 function could be an effective method for demyelination and impairments of axon with diverse pathogenesis. Myelin is closely associated with cognitive function, and there are many evidences that the myelin breakdown could cause cognitive impairments. The advances of remyelination with anti-LINGO-1 intervention will be summarized, the possible application in cognitive impairments will be discussed in the review.