Thioredoxin system is a ubiquitous thiol oxidoreductase system, it can be a regulator of cellular redox homeostasis and prevent cellular inflammation. It comprises of thioredoxin (Trx), thioredoxinreductase (TrxR) and reduced coenzyme II (NADPH). Human thioredoxin, originally identified as a secretory protein and played a wide variety of redox regulations in both intracellular and extracellular compartments. Trx plays an essential role by limiting oxidative stress directly and indirectly by proteins interaction with key signal transduction molecules with antioxidant, anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammation effects. Recent studies indicated that thioredoxin as a main oxidative stress-related factor may place a role in the pathogenesis of lung-related diseases and be the target of intervention therapy. This paper reviewed the relationship of thioredoxin and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, acute lung injury, and interstitial lung diseases.