Objective: To explore the effects of continuous lumbar cistern drainage on neurological function and the levels of neuron specific enolase (NSE), S100B protein in patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage after operation. Methods: Sixty-five patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage in our hospital from October 2019 to October 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into two groups according to whether lumbar cistern drainage was carried out. The control group did not receive lumbar cistern drainage (n=32), and the observation group received continuous lumbar cistern drainage (n=33). The volume of brain edema, the levels of NSE and S100B in cerebrospinal fluid, Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), Barthel index rating scale (BI), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and the incidence of postoperative complications were compared between the two groups. Results: The volume of brain edema in the two groups decreased three days after operation, and the observation group was less than that of the control group (P<0.05); there were differences in NSE and S100B levels in the two groups at different time points (P<0.05); the levels of NSE and S100B in cerebrospinal fluid of the observation group at 12 h, 1 d, 3 d, 5 d and 7 d after operation were lower than those of the control group (P<0.05); 6 months after operation, the GOS and BI scores of the observation group increased and NIHSS score decreased (P<0.05); 6 months after operation, the incidence of complications in the observation group was 15.15%, which was lower than 37.50% in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Continuous lumbar cistern drainage can reduce postoperative brain edema volume in patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage, lower the levels of NSE and S100B in cerebrospinal fluid, significantly improve the neurological function and prognosis of patients, and reduce the occurrence of postoperative complications.