Vincristine, as an anti-tumor drug, is an integral part of many chemotherapy regimens. However, the peripheral neuropathy induced by vincristine can seriously affect the quality of patients’ life, which is one of the reasons for the clinical reduction or withdrawal of the drug. Vincristine can induce peripheral neuropathy by increasing the activity of ion channels and activating glial cells, etc. This article mainly reviews the research progress of targeted therapy of vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy from the perspectives of transient receptor potential channel protein, T-type calcium channel, mitogen-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway, Chemokine(C-X3-C motif)ligand1/Chemokine(C-X3-C motif)receptor1, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. At the same time, it summarizes the research results of traditional Chinese medicine(such as Tanshinone IIA) and spinal cord stimulation in this area, which is in order to provide new ideas for the treatment of vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy.