Objective: To study the effect of applying an interactive health education model on peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) catheterization in children with leukemia. Methods: A total of 84 children patients with leukemia who were treated with PICC catheterization in Nanjing Children’s Hospital from January 2018 to October 2019 were selected and randomly divided into study group (interactive health education model) and control group (traditional health education), with 42 cases in each group. The mastery of health knowledge, effect of catheterization, compliance and occurrence of complications were compared between the two groups. Results: After extubation, the number of people who met the standard of health knowledge in study group was significantly larger than that in control group. The number of people who succeeded in the first puncture with no bleeding at 24 h, proactive tube compliance, elbow vascular protection before catheterization, and active position coordination during catheterization in study group was significantly larger than those in control group (P<0.05). The total incidence rate of complications in the study group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Interactive health education model has positive achievements in children with leukemia after PICC catheterization. It can effectively improve the mastery of health knowledge of children’ s family members, and the catheterization compliance and catheterization effects, and reduce the incidence rates of complications.