Objective: To investigate and compared the effect of thoracoscopic lung bullous resection of spontaneous breathing and general anesthesia with single lung ventilation and incidence of complications during surgery and after surgery. Methods: Sixty patients with pulmonary bullae from January 2016 to June 2017 were selected to be divided into two groups. The control group received with general anesthesia pneumoconiectomy for lung bullae resection, and the trial group accepted to retain spontaneous breathing for lung bullae resection. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO₂), partial arterial oxygen pressure (PaO₂), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), invasive mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), operation time, hospitalization time, complications were recorded and compared in the two groups. Results: The operation time of the trial group was longer than that of the control group, while the postoperative resuscitation time and hospital stay were shorter than those in the control group, the differences were all statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no differences in cardiopulmonary parameters between the two groups before the surgery. The scores of SV, CO, PaCO₂, PaO₂, MAP and HR in the trial group were better than those in the control group at 15 min, 30 min after the surgery began and 30 min after the end of surgery. Conclusion: Compared to the general anesthesia single lung ventilation, retaining spontaneous breathing can effectively avoid respiratory injury caused by tracheal intubation and respiratory tract infection caused by foreign body. It has less impact on stroke volume, cardiac output, heart rate, arterial pressure and other cardiopulmonary functions. It is conducive to maintain partial pressure of arterial blood carbon dioxide and partial pressure of arterial oxygen on normal level.