Objective: To analyze the cause of misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis of 55 cases with myelodysplastic syndromes-refractory anemia (MDS-RA) in the bone marrow chamber, and to find effective means to reduce the misdiagnosis rate. Methods: The literature on MDS-RA misdiagnosis and misdiagnosis in CNKI was counted, and the high incidence and causes of false/missed diagnosis were also calculated. After that, the patient information was analyzed by means of materials, tablets and clinical data, and analyzed the incidence and causes of the misdiagnosis and misdiagnosis of 55 MDS-RA patients in Pinggu Hospital of Beijing Friendship Hospital from 2006 to 2016. Finally, the data of this room and literature were analyzed. Results: The cases of misdiagnosis and misdiagnosis in the bone marrow chamber were basically consistent with the literature. From general clinical symptoms and basic examination, there were some areas where there was indeed confusion between these high-onset diseases and the MDS-RA; however, there were significant differences in morphology of cells, and MDS-RA had more specific pathological hematopoiesis. Conclusion: Strengthen communication between clinicians and laboratory workers and combined with multiple detection methods for screening are important preventive measures to effectively reduce misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis.