Objective: To explore the effects of different types of bracket orthodontic treatment on children’s oral microecological environment. Methods: Ninety children who needed fixed correction in our dental clinic from February 2016 to September 2017 were selected and divided into a traditional group (using traditional brackets) and a study group (locking bracket correction treatment) according to the type of substitute orthosis, 45 cases in each. IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-17A, and IL-35 levels in gingival crevicular fluid before and after treatment (T0), correction treatment for 8 weeks (T1), and correction treatment for 12 weeks (T2) were detected; plaque index (PLI), gingival index (GI), sulcus bleeding index (SBI), gingival crevicular fluid volume and oral parasites before and after 12 weeks of correction were compared. Results: Before the correction treatment, the difference of PLI, GI, SBI and gingival crevicular fluid between the 2 groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05). After 12 weeks of corrective treatment, PLI, GI, SBI and the amount of sulcus in the study group were significantly lower than that in the traditional group (P<0.05). At T0, the IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-17A and IL-35 levels in the gingival crevicular fluid between the 2 groups were not statistically significant (P>0.05); at T1 and T2, the IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-17A and IL-35 levels in the gingival crevicular fluid in the study group were lower than those in the traditional group (P<0.05). Before treatment, the difference in the detection rate of parasites between the 2 groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05). At 12 weeks after the correction, the detection rate of oral parasites in the study group was lower than that in the traditional group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Self-locking bracket correction treatment and traditional brackets will have a certain impact on children’s oral micro-ecological environment, but the former is less affected.