Objective: To analyze the clinical effect of different viscosity bone cement in percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) on treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCF). Methods: According to a random number table, 64 patients with osteoporotic thoracolumbar compression fractures were analyzed retrospectively and divided into two groups (Group A, Group B, n=32 for each). Patients in Group A were treated with PKP using high viscosity bone cement and patients in Group B were treated with PKP using low viscosity bone cement. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Oswestry dysfunction index score (ODI) at 1 week and 3 months after operation were recorded assess the quality of life. Images were taken to measure the Cobb angle, and observe the complications such as bone cement leakage. The differences of the above indexes were compared between the two groups. Results: The VAS and ODI scores at 1 week and 3 months after operation in the 2 groups were significantly improved compared with those before operation. The Cobb angle of the injured vertebrae in the two groups was significantly improved compared with that before operation. There was 4 case of cement leakage in Group A and 9 cases of cement leakage in Group B, no special discomfort and neurological symptoms (P<0.05). Conclusion: Different viscosity cement has significant curative effect in PKP for OVCF. PKP using high viscosity bone cement can significantly reduce the incidence of bone cement leakage, improve the safety of surgery.