Objective: To survey the current clinical conditions of mental elasticity and self-perceived burden of lung cancer patients in chemotherapy, and to discuss the influence of mental elasticity on self-perceived burden. Methods: General condition questionnaire for lung cancer patients in chemotherapy, Chinese adults’ mental elasticity scale and Self-Perceived Burden Scale (SPBS) were adopted for 144 lung cancer patients in chemotherapy in 105 Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army. Results: The mental elasticity score of lung cancer patients in chemotherapy was 2.29±0.30; the total score and scores of various dimensions were evidently lower than the national norms (P<0.001). The average score of self-perceived burden was 33.4±7.18, which was at the intermediate level. About 97.98% patients had self-perceived burden of different degrees. Internal control, focus on problem solving, optimism and personality tendency of accepting and using social support were negatively correlated with the score of self-perceived burden (r: −0.343 to −0.179, P<0.05). As indicated by the further hierarchical regression analysis results, the above four dimensions were the influence factors of self-perceived burden of lung cancer patients in chemotherapy (P<0.05). They could explain 26.50% of variance variability amount of self-perceived burden separately. Conclusion: Self-perceived burden of lung cancer patients in chemotherapy is severe. The clinical nurses should improve the illness coping capacity of the patients, reduce their self-perceived burden of illness, and increase their mental health level according to their psychological characteristics.