Objective: To investigate the types and risk factors of brain injury in premature infants, and to provide basis for prevention and treatment of brain injury in premature infants. Methods: The clinical data of 236 premature infants <34 weeks were collected and divided into 2 groups: the group with brain injury and the group without brain injury. The effects of antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum factors on brain injury in preterm infants were analyzed. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the risk factors for brain injury in premature infants. Results: The incidence of brain injury in premature infants was 40.7% (96/236), that of periventricular intraventricular hemor rhage (PVH-IVH) was 16.1% (38/236) and that of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) was 11.8% (28/236). In 96 cases of premature infants with brain injury, 63.5% (61/96) was hemorrhagic brain injury, 62.3% (38/61) of which was PVH-IVH. Ischemic brain injury accounted for 36.5% (35/96). The results of the single-factor analysis showed that the differences between different gestational age, birth weight, cesarean section, premature rupture of membranes (>18 h), metabolic acidosis within 12 h after birth, coagulation dysfunction and hypocalcemia in the 2 groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that cesarean section (OR=0.211, 95%CI 0.111 to 0.402) was a protective factor for brain injury in premature infants. Meanwhile, gestational age <30 weeks (OR =3.345, 95%CI 1.214 to 9.219), metacidosis within 12 h after birth (OR=2.850, 95%CI 1.332 to 6.099) and hypocalcemia (OR=2.553, 95%CI 1.006 to 6.475) were risk factors for brain injury in premature infants. Conclusion: Younger gestational age, and lower birth weight are related to a higher risk of brain injury in premature babies. PVH-IVH is the most common type of brain damage in premature infants. Cesarean section is a protective factor, while low gestational age, metabolic acidosis age and hypocalcemia are risk factors for brain injury in premature infants. Strengthening perinatal care, preventing premature birth, strict control of cesarean section, and maintaining stable postnatal internal environment stability can reduce the occurrence of brain injury in premature infants.