Objective: To explore the predictive value of neutrophils to prealbumin ratio (NPR) in the progression of chronic critical illness (CCI) in patients with sepsis caused by intravenous catheterization. Methods: From January 2020 to October 2021, a total of 158 patients with catheter-related sepsis (CRS) caused by venous catheterization admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of Internal Medicine of Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College were retrospectively selected. They were divided into 2 groups according to whether the patients had CCI or not. Seventy-five patients who progressed to CCI were considered as a CCI group, and 83 patients who did not progress to CCI were considered as a control group. The clinical data of the 2 groups of patients were collected and analyzed. Results: Logistic regression analysis showed that advanced age, high the Modified Nutrition Risk in the Critically Ill (mNUTRIC)/Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score, high expression of serum creatinine (SCr), and high NPR were independent risk factors for the progression of CCI in sepsis patients (all P<0.05). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of NPR univariate predicting CCI was 0.843, and the sensitivity and specificity were 72.90% and 90.36%, respectively. Age, mNUTRIC, APACHE II score, SCr, and NPR also had certain effects on whether sepsis patients progressed to CCI (all P<0.05). The AUC of combination of the above indicators predicted CCI was the highest, which was 0.963. Conclusion: NRR has a good predictive value for the progression of CCI in patients with sepsis caused by venous catheterization, and can assist in clinical prediction, diagnosis, and treatment of CCI. At the same time, the prognosis of patients with sepsis is also related to the age of the patient, the degree of disease development, and other factors.