Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics and surgical efficacy of uniportal video-assisted thoracic surgery (UVATS) in the treatment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer. Methods: The clinical data of 118 patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated with UVATS from February 2018 to April 2021 were analyzed retrospectively. According to the type of patients, the patients were divided into an observation group and a control group. The observation group was 57 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, and the control group was 61 patients without pulmonary tuberculosis. The general clinical data, perioperative indexes, and tumor characteristics of patients were collected and analyzed. Results: There was no significant difference in general clinical data such as gender and age between the 2 groups (all P>0.05). There was no significant difference in operation mode, operation duration, intraoperative blood loss, proportion of conversion to thoracotomy, postoperative complications, postoperative drainage tube indwelling time, and postoperative hospital stay between the 2 groups (all P>0.05). The incidence of pleural adhesion in the observation group was 64.91%, which was significantly higher than 37.70% in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: UVATS is a safe and effective treatment for patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer. Such patients are prone to pleural adhesion. The indications and timing of operation should be strictly controlled.