Objective: To investigate the correlation between the distribution of preoperative traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome type and nutritional markers of colon cancer patients, and to provide a new way for comprehensive TCM syndrome differentiation and treatment in colon cancer patients. Methods: A total of 150 colon cancer patients were selected, who were first admitted to the Gastrointestinal Tumor Surgery Department of the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University from June 2012 to December 2015. The clinical data were collected, and the TCM syndrome types were determined and their distribution statistics were made. The collected patients were followed up regularly, and the correlation between preoperative TCM syndrome type and albumin (ALB), prognostic nutritional index (PNI), controlling nutritional status (CONUT) scores was analyzed. Results: The distribution proportion of TCM syndrome types of colon cancer patients from high to low was the syndrome of damp heat stagnation toxin (31.33%), the syndrome of internal stagnation of blood stasis and toxin (22.00%), the syndrome of liver and kidney yin deficiency (18.67%), the syndrome of qi and blood deficiency (14.67%), the syndrome of spleen and kidney yang deficiency (6.67%), and undocumented discernible type (6.67%). According to the statistics of 5-year survival rate, the survival rates of the syndrome of qi and blood deficiency (63.63%), and the syndrome of internal stagnation of blood stasis and toxin (66.67%) were the lowest. In the correlation statistics between TCM syndrome types and nutritional markers, the level of ALB in the syndrome of internal stagnation of blood stasis and toxin was lower than that in the syndrome of spleen and kidney yang deficiency (P<0.05), which was significantly lower than that in the syndrome of damp heat stagnation toxin, the syndrome of liver and kidney yin deficiency, and undocumented discernible type (P<0.01). The level of ALB in the syndrome of qi and blood deficiency was lower than that in the syndrome of spleen and kidney yang deficiency and undocumented discernible type (P<0.05), which was significantly lower than that in the syndrome of damp heat stagnation toxin and the syndrome of liver and kidney yin deficiency (P<0.01). The value of PNI in the 2 groups of the syndrome of internal stagnation of blood stasis and toxin and the syndrome of qi and blood deficiency were lower than that in the syndrome of spleen and kidney yang deficiency (P<0.05), which was significantly lower than that in the syndrome of damp heat stagnation toxin, the syndrome of liver and kidney yin deficiency, and undocumented discernible type (P<0.01). Conclusion: Patients with the syndrome of internal stagnation of blood stasis and toxin and the syndrome of qi and blood deficiency are more likely to have lower levels of ALB and PNI, and the survival rate of patients with low ALB value and low PNI value combined with the syndrome of internal stagnation of blood stasis and toxin and the syndrome of qi and blood deficiency demonstrates a downward trend.