Glioma is one of the most common primary intracranial malignant tumors, with different pathological types and different clinical prognosis. Due to its special lesion site and hidden onset, clinical treatment methods are extremely limited. Surgical tissue specimens are of great significance for the diagnosis and subsequent treatment selection for patients with glioma, so surgical resection is currently the preferred treatment for patients with glioma. However, due to the special lesion location of glioma, the scope of lesion resection is often controlled to avoid nerve tissue damage during surgery, which may cause problems such as lack of sample size, excessive presence of tissue artifacts or non-tumor tissues, and etc., making it difficult to accurately describe tumor genomic heterogeneity and classify tumors. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) monitoring provides valuable biomarkers for glioma diagnosis, treatment, and survival prognosis by observing changes in tumor genomes in a non-invasive manner.