Objective: To investigate the effect of early postoperative attribution training in kidney transplant recipients. Methods: A total of 100 patients undergoing kidney transplantation who were admitted to Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School from June 2019 to June 2020 were selected and divided into 2 groups by random number table method, with 50 cases in each group. During the study, there were 2 cases of rejection in the observation group, 1 case of rejection in the control group, 1 case failed to complete the treatment successfully. Finally, 4 cases were excluded, and 96 cases were included in the research, 48 cases in each group. The control group received the routine postoperative training therapy, while the observation group received the early postoperative attribution training therapy. The changes of negative emotions, attribution methods, sleep quality and quality of life were compared between the 2 groups before and after treatment. Results: After 4 weeks of treatment, the scores of loneliness, anxiety, depression, anger and total scores in the 2 groups were lower than those before treatment (P<0.05); after 4 weeks of treatment in the observation group, except for loneliness, the scores of anxiety, depression, anger and total scores were (12.97±2.66) points, (8.80±1.09) points, (5.08±0.84) points and (40.28±4.95) points, respectively, all lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). After 4 weeks of treatment, the scores of attribution style in the two groups were higher than those before treatment. The scores of internal and external, general, stable and total in the observation group after 4 weeks of treatment were (2.50±0.61)points, (4.02±0.65) points, (5.99±0.94) points and (13.28±2.16) points, respectively, higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). After 4 weeks of treatment, the sleep quality scores of the 2 groups were lower than those before treatment (P<0.05); the time to fall asleep, sleep time, sleep efficiency, sleep quality and total scores of the observation group after 4 weeks of treatment were (1.81±0.47) points, (1.26±0.41) points, (0.91±0.27) points, (1.15±0.41) points and (5.26±0.95) points were lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). The scores of quality of life in the 2 groups after 4 weeks of treatment were higher than those before treatment (P<0.05); the scores of physical function, social function, psychological function, disease treatment, and overall quality of life in the observation group after 4 weeks of treatment and total scores were (24.85±2.95) points, (39.94±3.78) points, (24.73±2.04) points, (25.39±2.06) points, (22.69±1.83) points and (145.02±13.61) points, all higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Early implementation of attribution training therapy after kidney transplant recipients can significantly relieve their negative emotions, improve attribution style and sleep quality, and improve their quality of life.