Objective: To explore the effects of rehabilitation nursing based on failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) mode for patients with acute attack of bronchial asthma. Methods: A total of 126 cases patients with acute attack of bronchial asthma who were admitted and treated in West Hospital District of Qingdao Municipal Hospital from October 2015 to October 2020 were selected as the research subjects. According to the random odd-even number method, the patients were divided into control group and study group, 63 cases in each group. Patients in the control group were given routine nursing, and patients in the study group were given rehabilitation nursing based on FMEA model. After 1 week of nursing, the clinical symptom improvement time, lung function indexes [including forced breathing volume (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)] and Generic Quality of Life Inventory-74 (GQOLI-74) score before and after nursing of the two groups were compared, and the complication status and satisfaction level with nursing of the two groups were analyzed. Results: The improvement time of cough, wheezing, lung rales and wheezing in the study group was (5.14±0.51) d, (2.99±0.29) d, (4.70±0.46) d and (4.80±0.47) d, which was significantly shorter than those in the control group [(6.81±0.67) d, (4.36±0.43) d, (5.78±0.57) d, (5.97±0.60) d; P<0.05]. After 1 week of nursing, the FEV1, FVC and PEFR in both groups were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the FEV1, FVC and PEFR in the study group were (2.24±0.20) L, (2.40±0.23) L, (3.58±0.35) L/s, which were significantly higher than those in the control group [(1.60±0.15) L, (1.82±0.17) L, (2.70±0.26) L/s; P<0.05]. After 1 week of nursing, the GQOLI-74 scores in both groups were significantly improved (P<0.05), and the GQOLI-74 score in the study group was (95.43±9.44) points, which was significantly higher than that in the control group [(79.24±7.85) points] (P<0.05). The incidence of complications in the study group was 1.59%, which was significantly lower than that in the control group (11.11%, P<0.05); the nursing satisfaction of the study group was 96.83%, which was significantly higher than that in the control group (73.02%, P<0.05). Conclusion: The rehabilitation nursing based on FMEA model can significantly shorten the improvement time of clinical symptoms of patients with acute attack of bronchial asthma, promote the rapid recovery of lung function, effectively reduce the occurrence of complications, and further improve their quality of life and nursing satisfaction.